Looking at your pics, Christoph, it looks to me like this TB--the IAC air path; The entry slots you filled in dump air in on the side away from the Groove?
If restoring EGR doesn't fix it, perhaps cut a small trench in bottom of epoxy filler to reconnect IAC center port w/ each barrel? Also as Ron says use a new IAC valve if yours is questionable. I don't remember if your O2's were mentioned(I'm ASSUMING they are OK?)
W/ such cold temps the engine NEEDS some increased air to achieve a fast idle, just like the choke/fast idle speed on carbs. Fast idle helps engine warm up quicker. This in turn helps avoid problems w/ cold operation; condensation in crankcase not being evaporated, ECU in open loop too long, unburned fuel in cats/exhaust, etc.
I would Restrict IAC function but not Eliminate it, it is required in cold temps, IMHO.
But I'm still very much a student here.
You are making excellent progress Christoph, keep at it!
TracyG Gadgetman Reno